Like house guests overstaying their welcome, foreign crabs have been nearly impossible to boot out of California. A new strategy, born of failure, may help combat armies of invasive plants and animals that are preying on vulnerable native creatures.
It’s nothing less than an invasion. Interlopers are coming into California by land, by sea…and by FedEx.
That’s what happened with the European green crab, a voracious cannibal that stowed away in packages of worms sent by overnight delivery to commercial fishermen in California. Unknown to anyone, the tiny crustaceans were concealed in seaweed that wrapped the cargo and were freed into the Pacific when fishermen tossed it overboard.
Then the green crabs, which a century ago decimated the East Coast’s shellfish industry, began to dine out in the Pacific, munching nearly everything in sight. Authorities made plans to rid the ocean of the pests.
But, as a research team from UC Davis discovered, invasive species don’t go quietly. Nor do they react well to full-on assaults. In fact, years of digilent and costly crab removal from a Bay Area lagoon went terribly wrong, triggering an unexpected population explosion.
Still, this serendipity has led to a new, live-and-let-live approach to combat invasive species: forget about trying to wipe them out, and get them down to a manageable population instead.
The new strategy could be a game changer. An army of scientists and state biologists are spending millions of dollars annually in California to combat an increasing scourge of invasive species — more than 1,700 types of plants, bugs and marine animals that are out-competing, elbowing out and, in some cases, devouring native plants and animals.
California has “unique things that make us susceptible,” given the enormous diversity of its environment, said Martha Volkoff, who manages the state Department of Fish and Wildlife’s invasive species program. “We have a lot of risks that states that are more homogenous wouldn’t have.”
Costly to control, these invasives have damaged some California crops and critical flood control and water delivery systems.
California spends $3 million a year attempting to eradicate nutria, a large, homely, orange-toothed rodent that destroys wetlands and bores holes into levees. Another $3 million a year goes to educating boaters about quagga mussels, which hitch rides on hulls and cling to equipment in the state’s vast water transport system. And, for the last 20 years, authorities have spent more than $34 million to manage Atlantic cordgrass in the San Francisco Bay-Delta.
These costs represent only a fraction of the costs “because eradication is rarely successful and control is an unending process,” according to a report that state officials presented to the Legislature in January.
The environmental damage in the United States is estimated at $120 billion to $137 billion per year. One of California’s most destructive foreign pests was the Mediterranean fruit fly, which infested fruit orchards around the state beginning in the 1970s and cost hundreds of millions to combat.
The economic and environmental impacts are getting worse, abetted by a changing climate and a smaller world where exotic creatures can hitch a ride across the globe.
Efforts to get rid of invasives have mixed results, and sometimes make things worse, as when animals or insects are introduced to eradicate pests, and instead wind up becoming a new pest.
As with the stubborn little European green crab, attempts to erase them can backfire. Big time.
California’s diverse ecosystems are home to a wide variety of native plants and animals. However, many non-native, invasive species have been introduced over time, posing major threats to native biodiversity. Invasive species can damage habitats, push out native species, and cause billions in economic damages. Understanding and managing invasive species is crucial for protecting California’s natural heritage.
What Are Invasive Species?
Invasive species are non-native plants, animals, and microbes introduced to an area, usually by human activity. They spread quickly due to lack of natural predators, outcompeting native organisms Common invasive species pathways include trade, agriculture, recreation, and landscape ornamentals Well-known invasives include zebra mussels, snakehead fish, Dutch elm disease, and kudzu vine.
Once established, invasive species are extremely difficult to eradicate. Preventing introductions in the first place is the most effective management strategy. Ongoing early detection, rapid response efforts and public education are key to limiting invasives’ spread.
Major Invasive Species Threatening California
California has been invaded by thousands of non-native plants and animals. Here are some of the most problematic invasives:
Animals
- Nutria – South American rodents damaging wetlands
- Red imported fire ants – Aggressive stinging ants from South America
- Zebra and quagga mussels – Prolific mollusks clogging waterways and intakes
- European green crabs – Voracious predators consuming native wildlife
- Bullfrogs – Taking over ponds and eating native frogs
Plants
- Himalayan blackberry – Fast spreading shrub overtaking riparian areas
- Arundo donax – Reed growing in dense stands in wetlands
- Tamarisk – Shrub consuming large amounts of groundwater
- Yellow starthistle – Toxic plant infesting millions of acres
- Tree of heaven – Fast-growing tree harboring invasive pests
Impacts on Ecosystems and The Economy
Invasive species can severely degrade native ecosystems and habitats through:
- Competition – More aggressive invasives can edge out natives
- Predation – Lacking predators, invasives may consume native wildlife
- Disease – Invasives can introduce new pathogens to naive natives
- Genetic dilution – Interbreeding with natives can weaken local adaptations
Specific impacts include:
- Displacement of threatened and endangered species
- Transformation of habitat structure and composition
- Alteration of fire regimes and nutrient cycling
- Loss of agricultural productivity
Economic costs from invasives are estimated at over $100 billion per year nationwide from impacts like:
- Crop losses
- Damage to infrastructure
- Control and mitigation expenditures
- Loss of recreational opportunities
Clearly, invasive species pose a major threat to California’s ecosystems, economy, and way of life.
Prevention is the most cost-effective approach for managing invasive species. Key prevention practices include:
- Restricting high-risk imports
- Inspecting trade shipments
- Promoting non-invasive alternatives
- Educating the public not to release pets/plants into the wild
- Implementing early detection and monitoring programs
Boaters, fishermen, gardeners, and travelers all need to take care not to accidentally transport hitchhiking invasives. We all have a role to play in protecting California’s natural heritage from these threats.
A case of crabs
For creatures with seemingly limited mobility, it’s remarkable how easily invasive species move around the world.
The state has had a Marine Invasive Species Program for more than 20 years, a recognition that about 80% of non-native pests arrive in North America via international commercial ships. Much of the dispersal is accomplished with the help of unwitting humans, for example, in ballast water when seagoing vessels take on water then disgorge it along its path.
Then there’s the panicked disposal of a once-cute pet, such as an alligator that’s outgrown the family bathtub and released into a local canal or park lake. Or the silent menace of classroom aquariums, which it turns out, are abetting in the trafficking of invaders from Ukraine — zebra mussels, near the top of California’s most-wanted list.
Zebra mussels filter out algae that native species need for food and they glom on to native mussels, incapacitating them, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The fingernail-sized mussels also congregate and clog water intake areas of power plants.
After years of an all-out campaign by state agencies to fend off the introduction of zebra and quagga mussels, a highly-efficient commercial distribution chain unleashed the pests in the state.
“Moss balls, which are placed in home aquariums, are infested with tiny zebra mussels,” Volkoff said. “They were found in Washington, (in moss balls) imported from Ukraine. Then they came into California from a distributor that supplied two national pet store chains across 49 states. Now we have zebra mussels on shelves of big-box pet stores. We didn’t see that coming.”
Invasive marine animals can move about by attaching themselves to marine equipment and hidden in bait buckets. Sometimes they don’t even need human help: Green crab larvae can bob along in ocean currents for as long as three months. They are models of adaptability, growing and molting wherever they wash up, immediately establishing themselves as the new local bullies.
Green crabs, which are native to Europe, have decimated shellfish industries in South Africa, Brazil, Asia and Australia. They made their way to California, where they were first noted in the 1980s, and are moving up the coast to British Columbia and off Alaska, threatening the Pacific shellfish catch. The crabs are too small —3 to 5 inches at full growth — to wind up on dinner plates as a viable commercial harvest.
In 2009, researchers mounted a project to remove European green crabs from Seadrift Lagoon, at the northern end of Stinson Beach in Marin County.
In Seadrift Lagoon, crabs damage eelgrass beds, which are critical for young fish. They also have pushed out (or eaten) native crabs that provide food for shore birds.
So far they’ve had no significant impact on the area’s lucrative commercial crabbing, officials say, but the Dungeness Crab Task Force is keeping a wary eye on them. Green crabs are not picky eaters and can mow through scallops, soft shelled crabs, mussels and clams.They use their outsized claws as shovels and then crack the shells.
Funded by about $500,000 in federal grants, Ted Grosholz, a professor and ecologist at the UC Davis Department of Environmental Science and Policy, has spent more than a decade trying to evict green crabs from the lagoon.
His team used a straightforward approach: absolute eradication of the adult crab population in Seadrift Lagoon. Aided by platoons of volunteers, scientists baited traps with smelly leftovers from fish processing operations. Then they waited.
The adult population was estimated at about 125,000 in 2009. Four years later, the trapping had reduced them to about 10,000.
With that news, Grosholz and colleagues at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center and Portland State University were preparing to write an academic paper detailing their success.
The crabs had different plans.
Like house guests overstaying their welcome, they proved to be nearly impossible to boot out.
5 Problem Invasive Species In California
FAQ
What invasive species is found in California?
| Scientific name | Common name | Restricted species1 |
|---|---|---|
| Family Channidae | Snakeheads | Yes |
| Family Characidae | Piranhas | Yes |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Grass carp | Yes |
| Esox lucius | Northern pike | Yes |
What is the #1 most invasive species?
1. Spotted lanternfly. Spotted lanternflies (Lycorma delicatula) are native to China but have run rampant all across the northeastern U.S., prompting experts to advise people to kill them. While they are harmless to humans and animals, they are a danger to over a hundred plant species.
What are five invasive species?
- Green Crab (Carcinus maenas) This European crab has been carried by ships in ballast water and is sold as fish bait in much of the world. …
- Killer Algae (Caulerpa taxifolia) …
- Sea Walnut (Mnemiopsis leidyi) …
- Veined Rapa Whelk (Rapana venosa) …
- Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
How did the giant reed get to California?
It was introduced in Southern California around the Los Angeles River in the early 1800s, where it was cultivated for roofing material and musical instrument production. It is still in cultivation today and often used in gardens for erosion control.
What are invasive species in California?
Invasive species in California, the introduced species of fauna−animals and flora−plants that are established and have naturalized within California. Native plants and animals can become threatened endangered species from the spread of invasive species in natural habitats and/or developed areas (e.g. agriculture, transport, settlement).
What is the Invasive Species Program?
The Invasive Species Program works to protect California’s wildlands and waterways by identifying and managing numerous actual and potential invasive species. Many invaders have already established populations in various regions of California and occur in different stages of the invasion process.
Are invasive plants and animals threatening California?
However, hundreds of invasive plants and animals have already established in California and are rapidly spreading each year. These invaders are negatively impacting our waters, our native plants and animals (some of them rare, threatened, or endangered), our agriculture, our health, our economy, and our favorite recreational places.
Are invasive species a threat to California’s environment?
Yes, invasive species pose a significant threat to California’s environment. In addition to species already present in the state, numerous other species that may be invasive elsewhere in the U.S. have been identified as potential threats to the state’s environment, economy, agricultural interests, and/or human health.
How can invasive species be managed in California?
Prevention is the most effective strategy in managing invasive species. However, hundreds of invasive plants and animals have already established in California and are rapidly spreading each year.
How can we prevent the spread of invasive species in California?
To prevent the spread of invasive species in California, we aim to educate the public about the species, their impacts, how they spread, and how people can avoid spreading them. Many invaders have already established populations in various regions of California.